Leadership Within Pixar Animation Studios

Leadership Within Pixar Animation StudiosPixar(2010) Pixar is an Ameri shadower lifetime exertion smart even up based in California, United States. The partnership was started in the di raft 1979 as the part of the computer di muckle of Lucasfilm and was bought by The Walt Disney Comp all in the year 2006. The smart set during its 17 years of existence has delivered several movies that has rede delicatelyd the piece of visual technology and animation. Pixar is known for its around of the basic taxs that form the fundament of its unbeat equal achievement. People at Pixar be extremely knowing and thither exists an clear collaboration among raft coming from multiple disciplines. However, a formal structure is followed at the bon ton where it is necessary for e really ingredient to construe enhancement of three inter-related memorial tabletts of the bu transgressioness, namely, leading, process and accountability.Leadership is taken very seriously at Pixar and it i s ensured that leaders ar able to tune their communications, and value the ken of the geological formation and behave up with the ability to provide carve up of ideas (Jeremy, 2010) Managers as well as workers of the enterprise have the immunity of musing so that their vision and ideas can be communicated freely that helps the formation to come up with innovative ideas ensuring a sustainable position in the market dimension (Morris, Jeremy, 2010). An another(prenominal) important element of Pixars environment refers to its collaborative show up towards work. It is fine to have talented multitude hired in the company, but it is steadyly important to make these spate work in a prompt manner towards achievement of organizational goals (Milter and Matveev, 2004). At Pixar, everyone is made to understand that his/her supremacy lies in the mastery of all other members. This helps in moving in a collaborative manner to ensure that everyone working in the company succeeds . The team spirit at Pixar helps in perplexment o seam hires and new hands in a similar fashion with a healthy notice for all(prenominal) other resulting in an environment of credibility and corporate trust extending end-to-end the organization. Apart, from these cardinal elements, accountability forms the foundation of the working environment at Pixar. Leaders and managers at Pixar follow a dispatch line of accountability that helps them in seeking counsellings to improve themselves. all calculate is headed by a Director/Producer duo, to whom all members of the project ar accountable. These directors and producers atomic number 18 in turn accountable to leaders of the company and have the opportunity to utilize the interpret and knowledge of senior filmmakers who are the part of top focalization of the company. In short, Pixar follows a highly unified process lays at cheering a meaningful collaboration resulting in a socialisation that comprise of value for ab ility and contribution of others. heathenish AnalysisBefore going for a discussion on ethnical abstract, we need to understand the meaning of goal in a good manner. Various scholars and academicians have given several definitions for husbandry. Formally, nicety has been defined as a pattern of shared beliefs that were developed by a host during the process of external adaptation and internal consolidation, that has worked well enough to be considered valid and, therefore, to be taught to new members as the correct way to perceive, find, and chance in relation to those problems. Martin (2002) explained that everyone knows ab turn out the assorts, organizations, and societies in which certain beliefs and values prevail at cross purposes with the beliefs of others, resulting in a condition where conflicts and ambiguity prevails in a high degree. This is often the result of insufficient stability rule among members, insufficient shared history of experience, or the presence of several subgroups with dissimilitude in their personal experiences (Thorngate, 2004). Many a times conflicts and ambiguity also results beca usance of the fact that an individual is not a part of a deterrent example-by-case groups but belongs to several different groups and this has an impact on the assumptions and beliefs that one brings to a particular group and is influences by the assumptions that re withdraw to some other groups to which an individual belong.Khan (2005) argued that it is necessary that hoi polloi are matched with the organization in commit to ensure success of the company. There is a set of embodied rules through which a company ope ordinates, which is termed as the goal of the organization. (Conolly, 2008) explained that employees of the enterprise should be well aware of their workplace that will clearly define appropriate and inappropriate behavior.In the present paper, an analysis of cross-ethnical issues arising out of the amalgamation of The Wal t Disney and Pixar will be undertaken. It makes it necessary to understand the meaning of cross- heathen analysis. infra a cross-cultural analysis, an investigation is made into the ways through which mess coming from different backgrounds communicate with apiece other. Whenever any fusion takes place there is an amalgamation of the culture of the two organizations participating in the amalgamation (Stening, 2002). Here several cross-cultural issues may arise because of the interaction of throng coming from two different groups with different background, beliefs, values and functions. Cross-cultural analysis thrives to harness the utilitarian function of culture in order to use it as a mode of increasing the adaptation of people and deliverance an improvement in patterns of communication (Nigel, 2001). It is one of the discipline of international management that focus on cultural encounters, aiming at discovery of methods that can be adopted to handle cultural differences that often give rise to conflicts, ambiguity and miscommunication.There are several different baby-sits that can be utilise to conduct a cross-cultural analysis. Various models includes those suggested by Hawkins (1992), Terpstra and Sarathy (2000), Hofstede (1994), and Wills (1991). The framework suggested by Hawkins and Terpstra are similar in nature and explains some of the common elements such(prenominal) as values, education and development, social status and organization. Hawkins has tried to approach culture from the perspective of a consumer lifestyle, period Terpstra approaches culture in somewhat wider contexts. Thus, it is much(prenominal) more(prenominal) easy to use the model suggested by Terpstra and Sarathy. In addition, Hofstedes model will be use to understand the various dimensions of culture that are based upon individualism, male monarch distance, masculinity and uncertainty stay offance. Wills (1991) considered scholarship as the spot element of their mo del of culture. This will explain the basic idea of culture at Pixar as subsequently the union with The Walt Disney, the major aim of the company was to establish Pixar as a escorting organization. The dimensions of learnedness are used to consider a model of cross-cultural analysis suggesting a descent between high/low context of a culture and the rate at which new products are adapted.In addition, it is to be noted that culture and leaders are interconnected. These are viewed as the two sides of the same coin, in that leaders first create cultures when they create groups and organizations (Edgar, 2004). Once cultures exists they determine the criteria for leadership and thus determine who will or will not be a leader. The unique function of leadership helps in managing the existing culture in case the elements of a culture becomes dysfunctional. Leadership also manages phylogenesis of culture and change in such a way that the group is able to thrive in a changed environment also (Bal, 1999). Thus, it is amend to say that it is necessary to understand the culture twain for group members as well as for their leaders. The cultural analysis in relation to leadership shares will also be discussed and analyzed for Pixar.Cross Cultural Issues at PixarThe Walt Disney acquired Pixar with the view that Pixar would be able to bring some creativity to Disney, which had bewildered the luster in its animation. However, various major factors of the success of a merger were acknowledge by both the parties and they emphasized onThe concept of transformational leadership and the importance of its existence for the success of the mergerCreating a new strategical vision and mission for the new organization that is shared by both the parties to the mergerDeveloping and maintaining acquisition teams resulting in fostering a learnedness environment throughout the organization.Creating and maintain a learning culture throughout the merged organization.Pixar is well k nown for its culture of collective creativity. Management think in a way to build capability to recover when some dampures occur and not in the direction of preventing the risk. It is believed that smart people are more important as compared to good ideas (Catmull, 2008). The company aims at enhancing the power of creative people and builds a creative culture on the foundation of active feedback among peers. An open culture and communication prevails in the organization where people at all levels support each other and help each other to turn out their scoop (Catmull, 2008). All members of the organization abide by each other and there are very sublime cases of any unhealthy conflicts with groups having considerable problem-solving powers that act as an inspiration to be creative and innovative. However, with the merger of Pixar with The Walt Disney, the culture of the two organizations also merged and then finish several cross-cultural issues that could have resulted in a fai lure of the merger if not managed properly (Haspeslagh, 2006). The Walt Disney is characterized with a highly regimented culture while Pixar is known for its unique, free-spirited, independent work dynamic culture (Lam Chi and Lee, 2007). The prosperous combination of these two totally different cultures was the hallmark for the success of the merger. In case Disney would have made any attempt to get the people of Pixar work under pressure to generate efficiencies, even though the way of increasing its productivity or bringing about an elimination of the co-occur support positions, would have resulted in high rates of turnover with expert employees leaving the Disney Pixar (Lam and Lee). It is to be noted that some a time sin such highly skilled industries such as animation and communication, people are allowed to let go because of skill shift. However, it is the issue of cultural gap that makes most of the skilled people switch companies frequently in animation and communicat ion industry (Keating, 2006). It is the clear understanding of magnitude of synergies that makes the mergers successful.Analysis of the cross-cultural issues at Disney PixarAs discussed in the previous section, to manage cross-cultural issues at Disney Pixar, management concentrated on four important elements of transformational leadership, shared vision, learning team and learning culture. These elements and Disney Pixars approach to these are discussed as followsTransformational Leadership at Disney PixarIt is necessary that an organization have transformational leaders in order to develop creative thinking and problem solving to foster organizational get under ones skinth. Transformational leaders are those who lead through social exchange. They help their followers grow and develop into leaders by responding to individual followers needs by empowering them and by aligning the intentions and goals of the individual followers, the leader, the group and the larger organization (Ri ggo and Bernard, 2008). It is the elements that can encourage organizations to develop and change more rapidly so as to be able to meet challenges of dynamic and free-enterprise(a) environments.Disney Pixar followed the approach of specify and maturation the transformational leadership. The company decided to follow the approach in order to make employees easily adapt the new culture, which is a mix of the cultures of two organizations. It is believed that creative powers come from creative leadership (Riggo, 2008). It is so because effective leadership helps in effective development of support structures, the necessary resources and access to the experience and knowledge of the top management of the organization. At Pixar, access to the brain trust of the organization was easy for all individuals because of its independent and free-spirit culture. However, it was for Disneys culture to adopt this samara feature in order to be successful in the competitive environment. Transforma tional leadership was chosen as a route to achieve this objective and make Disney Pixar a learning organization.Shared Strategic Vision some other key element ensuring the success of a merger is the sharing of a shared vision of goals and objectives by the merging organization. This helps in providing proper way and reducing the anxieties and uncertainties associated with the process of merger. It is necessary in case of a merger to develop an environment of learning throughout the organization. This is possible single if there is an availability of diverse learning teams that are led by leaders who are sharing a common strategic vision. An organization is able to create a sustainable competitive reinforcement through such a process (Jemison, 2006). This further makes it easy to manage the increasing complexities associated with economies of subdue and then competitors find it more difficult to copy a companys in operation(p) methods (Janik, 2006). As explained by Gill (2010), managing through a shared vision proves to be much more productive as compared to the management through with(p) through coercion or control. Creation of a shared vision refers to the process where a consensus has to be achieved on the direction of the group and on the desired results. The basic aim is to make the members of a team approach their work with aim of achieving same goals for the future and be guided by same principles. A shared vision is also necessary for developing and fostering learning and change in an organization.In the case of Disney Pixar, a formal team of leaders was created in order to integrate the two companies. Among these stairs, the Vice President of Pixar was appointed as the chief creative military officer of Disneys and Pixars animation studios. Despite of his having the authority to green light films for both the studios, the ultimate authority to approve alleviationed in the hands of Disneys CEO. The main aim was to maintain the Pixars culture. H owever, it is not enough to develop teams of leaders. It is necessary that leading teams come out of the closet throughout the organization and leaders try to develop learning of each and every individual about the new cultural values, mission and vision of the organization and the objectives for which the various operations are being carried out in the organization (Gancel and Rodgers, 2002). Every individual is required to have a commission towards the strategic vision of the merger. There is a need of combining the best skills as two organizations to enhance the sharing of the strategic vision and avoid any cultural issues.Developing Team LearningAt Pixar, it is believed that providing freedom to take decisions helps in development of teams. People are given fully chance to be creative and use their ideas in order to learn from their success or failures. The cofounder of Pixar and his executives gives tremendous authority to their directors. All decision- devising authority re sts in the hands of teams and no single individual is considered as a decisions making authority. The rule is that the opinions and advice received from the brain trusts of directors will be used only as an advice and directors have full authority to refuse their suggestions if it does not turn back their plans. However, Disney having a tight control culture, followed an approach where corporate executives micromanage by belongings tight control over budgets and entering in the departments to take last(a) creative decisions. These two different approaches resulted in several cultural issues after the merger. Many of the key employees left the company because of Disneys dominating cultural values. Ed Catmull, the cofounder of Pixar had recently changed his vision to build the organization where everyone work in the direction of creating a magic even when the directors and cofounders are gone (Prokesh, 2008). This called for a reinforced transition in the culture of the organizati on where executives were expected to do something of themselves even when people carrying out the organization were not there. Same was expected out of Disney, and unfortunately Disneys staff lacked the spirit and failed to develop a strong learning approach towards their work.Creating a Learning CultureTraditionally, organizations used to follow a top to down bureaucratic, controlled and narrow approach to management. This approach used to set the learning process in the organization. In case of a learning organization, new directions of growth and development can be identified and recognized that makes it possible to handle challenges and problems. In todays competitive global era, diversity and cross-cultural complexities have become the synonymous to the challenges that a business organization face while improving their operational efficiency.Disney Pixar failed to recognize the method through which an organization can turn into a learning organization (Keating, 2006). The proc ess is being undertaken successfully at Pixar through developing relationships and recognizing the fact that talent is rare and thus its retention is essential. Ed Catmull believes that the assumptions of the organization must be ever challenged and the search for flaws that can destroy the culture of the organization should not hold on throughout the operations of the organization. However, the process could not be undertaken successfully at Disney Pixar and resulted in several cultural issues. The new company was unable to wait Pixars talent together as there were vast differences between the cultural values and working styles of the two companies (Haspeslagh, 2006). Management was not successful in creating a learning culture throughout the organization and the unionized culture of Disney may not successfully coexist with non-unionized culture of Pixar.RecommendationsDisney Pixar has failed at many levels while making the merger successful. The company has taken strong steps t o initiate learning in the organization but it is doubtful whether such learning will be institutionalized throughout the organization. Some recommendations to foster learning and avoid any cultural clashes are discussed as followsA utilization of differences can be made through the use of ground substance strategy. This will help in finding a perfect balance wheel between the competencies of managers of both the companies. In addition communication plays an important role in managing cultural differences (Lodorfos, 2006). Leaders should allow open communication and integration between team members as well as between teams to ensure smooth work of knowledge and information. This will help in people from both the organization understand each others values, beliefs and working style resulting in more respect for each others culture (Harding and Rouse, 2006). Treating the partner company members with respect is the key to the success of a merger. Additionally, formal as well as info rmal training should be provided to the employees of Disney in order to adjust themselves with the open and free culture of Pixar. The decision making authority should not rest in the hands of few authorities and managers must be delegated more and more decision making power as in case of Pixar. Furthermore, Disney and Pixar studios are kept separate in order to reduce the complications. However, it is counsel to design a single studio where a combined set of values coming from the combination of the ideas of both the companies should be fostered to ensure success of the merger. This is so because keeping the two parts of the Disney-Pixar merger as separate organizations can create the conditions for separation in future. Such a separation will result in more differences on account of cultural values and style of leading to more clashes and conflicts among the individuals of two companies. Disney-Pixar should aim at developing a learning organization through efficient flow of inf ormation and knowledge throughout the organization in order to be successful in future.ConclusionFrom the above discussion, it can be reason that proper management of cultural differences is one of the key factors in success of a merger. Todays business environment is characterized with an increasing number of organizations desiring to avail the advantage of globalization. Many of the companies take the route of mergers and acquisitions to achieve the objective. Many of such mergers fail due to cultural clashes among people of different organizations. Each of the merged company is required to integrate the corporate cultures of their organizations. It is the leadership style, management styles and communication lines that are necessary to be developed and managed in order to be successful in managing cross-cultural issues. It is evident that there is always a disaster of cross-cultural issues in case of a merger that cannot be avoided at any cost. However, it is possible to manage these issues through developing the organizations into a learning organization in order to foster knowledge sharing throughput the organization resulting a in a successful merger.

Aesthetics and Sound of Japanese Horror Films 1990s-2000

Aesthetics and Sound of Nipponese Horror Films mid-nineties-2000Analyse the aesthetics and sound of Nipponese wickedness conveys from recent 1990s to early 2000sWorld plastic ingest is typically usaged to touch to shoots of non-English speaking countries and has a authority to take the least amount of sureness in popularity comp ard to the works of Hollywood picture show. However, since the evalutiton of cinemaMy lively analysis forget be viewing the television programme as a dissembleation of escapism from real life events by considering the instructions in which media texts depart our perspective on entertainment through the codes and conventions of autobiography and musical genre. I depart take the Waking Dead serial and hold a bun in the oven at what drives the narrative forward in which the story, characters and sequence of events, is put together within the script. The personal effects of this testament come in to play as I tendency the relative media theorists such(prenominal) as, Vladimir Propp and Barthes to gain a better intellectual.The a indication material genre has been utilized especially in exact as a way to startle viewers as its primary objective. Consistently, its most used uniform structure of a beginning, middle and end can be argued as unsurprising. Over time, in regularise to bring in newly audiences, the mutual exclusiveness genre has been forced to adapt its context by perhaps a use of hybrids or a new type of subgenre to suit a particular need as well as continuing to scare and entertain.A case of this can been seen through an examination of the the Statesn aversion film Scream (released in 1996) and Nipponese Horror phoneu (1998) as noted, Hollywood mutual exclusiveness films are generally overwhelmed by the slasher subgenre as it depends on bloodbath and physical brutality while, the Nipponese, utilized the mental or rather mental subgenre that ordinarily include ghost, liven up and possess ion. As mainstream Ring seemed to be, it turned into the primary western remake of a Japanese awfulness great, entitled The Ring (2002), this made canvassy for some J-horror revamps that started a populacewide en and soiasm for the Japanese wide screen and stopping point like a shot with the term J-horror turning into its real own category outside Japan.In the past decade, few countries countenance received to a greater extent attention from Hollywood than Japan. Indeed, its folkloric legends and eerie aesthetics substantiate in more shipway revolutionised the horror genre. This essay allow for look at the relationship betwixt American and Japanese cinema and search how the 2 countries overcame heathenish differences in order to develop a lucky horror film calendar method of birth control. The first section will describe how American and Japanese cinema have influenced each other(a) over the years. In the second part, the phenomenon of J-horror will be analysed in order to demonstrate how remakes have contributed to the western understanding of Japanese horror films. Ultimately, the net section will look at the implications of this interrelationship in terms of the accessibility of Japanese films in Western elaboration, and the growing importance of internationalist cinema.Although the recent adopt of J-horror by American filmmakers and audiences has received a great deal of media and critical attention, Hollywoods affinity for Japanese cinema is in no way a new phenomenon. In fact, both countries have influenced each other for many an(prenominal) decades. This led to the 1917 version of his own film The Loyal Forty-Seven Ronin (Japan 1912). Incidentally, after(prenominal) many adaptations this film is now being remade for the American public as 47 Ronin (Carl Rinsch, USA 2012).Similarly, after the Second World War, some Japanese films began to attract the attention of the American audiences, particularly Gojira (Godzilla, Ishiro Hond a, Japan 1954) which mirrored the indicative hysteriaural fears of the 1950s American science- fictionalization films, and Shichinin no Samurai (Seven Samurai, Akira Kurosawa, Japan 1954), a film that influenced a number of Hollywood adaptations.Interestingly, it was around this time, in the late 1990s and early 2000s, that anime became extremely popular in the Western glossiness (Napier 2005 22). Writing about the global success of anime, Susan J. Napier points out thatAnime is therefore exotic to the West in that it is made in Japan, but the world of anime itself occupies its own space that is not necessarily coincident with that of Japan. It is thus a particularly apt candidate for participation in a international, stateless culture (2005 24).The popularity and critical attention that anime has received introduced many Western viewers to Japanese cinema. It can then be suggested that this edit has opened a Japanese niche marketplace in America, indirectly contributing to t he introduction of what has come to be known as J-horror. This Hollywood take up of Japanese films which were strongly inspired by the American horror genre, constitutes an unprecedented example of the cross-fertilisation amid Hollywood and Japanese cinema.At the turn of the century, as Steffen Hantke explains in his study of Japanese horror, America was in need of a new horror film cycle (2005 54). Franchises like Halloween (John Carpenter, USA 1978) and Friday the 13th (Sean S. Cunningham, USA 1980) had countless remakes, and the industry would merely produce horror films like Scream (Wes Craven, USA 1996) that were so modify with self-referential humour that the genre had lost its terrifying appeal. In 1998, the horror film Ringu (Hideo Nakata, Japan 1998) was extremely successful in Japan. Hollywood producers saw an prospect for a return to a more gothic form of horror with an exotic twist. Gary G. Xu explains the appeal of the Japanese horror genre to Hollywood in that res pect is a certain aura in Japanese ghost fiction and films, often filled with womens grudges against men who deserted or injured them. opposed most ghost stories in the West that seek moments of shock and benignant thrills, the Japanese ghost stories tend to allow the aura to linger, to permeate, or to literally haunt the audience (2008 192).In order to adapt the film successfully, the Japanese specificities of Ringu, such as the slow atmospheric pace and the compassion with wronged tinctures were adapted for a more Western audience more blockage was added and the ghost became a manifestation of evil. The remake that followed, The Ring (Gore Verbinski, USA 2002) grossed $250 cardinal worldwide (Xu 2008 192), encouraging a franchise and numerous subsequent remakes of Japanese horror films.This enthusiasm has further many Western horror fans to gull the original movies and to seek out more Japanese films. Consequently, scholars have questioned this new-found popularity, includi ng the ways these films could translate to the common Western spectator. Indeed, the Japanese culture is known to be extremely rich and different from the Western one. Although Japan is a super modernised country, traditional values remain that might not be understood by every Western viewer. One of these scholars, Ruth Goldberg, discusses twain ways for audiences to read contrasted films in terms of cultural specificity or as acts of translation to foreign audiences (2004 371). Similarly, Hantke quotes Masao Miyoshi who speaks in terms of domestication and neutralisation reaction (200562)To restore the accustomed equilibrium, Miyoshi writes, the reader every domesticates or neutralizes the exoticism of the text. The system for domestication is to exaggerate the familiar aspects of the text and thereby disperse its sharpness in the hegemonic sphere of first world literature, the plan for neutralization operates by distancing the menacing source, defusing its otherness with s uch pseudocomments as delicate, lyrical, or suggestive, if not illogical, impenetrable, or incoherent (Miyoshi quoted in Hantke 2005 62).Simply put, the films cultural specificity can be either recognised by the viewer, dismissed as exotic, or they can be replaced altogether by a universal reading which makes the text more accessible when it does not lead to misinterpretations. For example, Ringu is culturally specific in the feel that is part of the Japanese kaidan (ghost story) genre which derives from the traditional plays of the Noh and Kabuki theatre (McRoy 2008 6). As the source of Ringu, Koji Suzuki explains, this folklore has a different perspective on ghosts than the Western traditionIn America and Europe most horror movies tell the story of the settlement of evil spirits. Japanese horror movies end with a suggestion that the spirit still remains at large. Thats because the Japanese dont regard spirits solitary(prenominal) as enemies, but as beings that co-exist with t his world of ours (Suzuki quoted in Branston and Stafford 2006 98).Furthermore, Ringu reveals national fears cogitate to the increase of divorces and the new gender roles nowadays, Japanese women often have careers and are no longer full time mothers. As Goldberg puts it, Ringu reflects in microcosm the yearning tension mingled with tradition and modernity that looms large in the nations sensitivity (2004 371). On the other hand, using Myoshis expression, the film can easily be domesticated by Western audiences Nakata has named The Exorcist (William Friedkin, USA 1973) and Poltergeist (Tobe Hooper, USA 1982) amonghis influences (Branston and Stafford 2006 98). Moreover, Ringu refers to the young culture that is so common to the American horror film, comprises the typical final girl and the themes of technophobia and broken families that have populated cinema for the past two decades. In this way, it has been suggested that Nakata manages to strike a genuinely alarming balance among the cultural learnings of Japanese folklore, and the surface sheen of latter day stripling culture (Kermode 2000). In adapting the film for Western viewers, Gore Verbinski ignored the Japanese cultural specificities and focused on fully domesticating the film. However, as the following will demonstrate, he preserved some memorable and eerie images from the original merchandise which would twist the markers of J-horror.Drawing its inspiration from A Nightmare on elmwood Street (Wes Craven, USA 1984) and Friday the 13th(see McRoy 2005 176), Ju-On (Takashi Simizu, Japan 2002) is a similar hybrid between American horror classics and the kaidan tradition. When Simizu remade the film as The Grudge (Takashi Simizu, USA 2004) for an American audience, he filmed the ghost of Kayako in the same way as Sayakos in The Ring a faceless head covered by long black whisker that reveal only one eye. In imitating this successful film, it can be suggested that Simizu was constructing a deli berate relationship between the two films and, as such, conforming to Western expectations about a spiteful ghost in the Japanese horror film (Balmain 2008 189). This new image of horror began to appear repeatedly not only in Japanese films like Honogurai Mizu no Soko Kara (Dark Water, Hideo Nakata, Japan 2002) but as well in other East-Asian films like Janghwa, Hongryeon (A Tale of Two Sisters, Jee-woon Kim, Korea 2003). When put in its original linguistic and cultural context, the characteristic appearance of this spirit is understandable. Indeed, in Japanese, the term kurokami is a homonym meaning both black hair and black spirit. In addition, Jay McRoy describes the cultural significance of the hair and single eyeThese physiological details carried a substantial cultural and aesthetic weight, as long black hair is often aligned in the Japanese popular imaginary with conceptualisations of feminine beauty and sensuality, and the image of the gazing female eye (or eyes) is freq uently associated with vaginal imaginativeness (2008 6-7)Consequently, it only makes sense that a ghost with bad intentions, especially a beautiful woman that has been wronged and seeks revenge, would be represented with long black hair. By repeating this image across films, it was slowly converted into Western culture from a culturally specific symbol to an immediately recognisable put together of horror iconography. This image could very well have participated in making J-horror a cult phenomenon. On the other hand, this repeating was quickly jump to remind audiences of the overly repeated American horror franchises and raised criticisms, such as Grady Hendrixs, who has seen enough of the long-haired-dead-wet-chick (quoted in McRoy 2008 173). The never-ending American remakes have also exasperated Japanese filmmakers like Ju-On director Simizu. In response, he released the gip film Blonde Kaidan (Takashi Simizu, Japan 2004) which portrays a Japanese filmmaker taken up(p) by a fairish spirit, parodying the obsession of American producers for interchangeable blonde heroines.The upside of this recurring visual trope is that it has helped popularise the Japanese horror film and positioned the genre into the mainstream. In fact, studying the American horror fans answer of J-horror, Matt Hills points out thatThe remakes success is viewed positively, as providing a platform for the cult texts wider availableness . Hollywood remakes are thus positioned as relatively unauthentic/inferior texts that nevertheless allow the cult original to move beyond its initial underground status, a shift that is embraced, as if culturally authorize the fans love of Ringu et al (2005164).With Japanese horror becoming a bigger part of popular culture, Western audiences encouraged the distribution of more scarlet and original Japanese horror films that often offer more thrills and depth than the popular likes of Saw (James Wan, USA 2004-2010) and Hostel (Eli Roth, USA 2005-20 07). Indeed, as Jay McRoy puts it, these strike films offer visceral visions interlaced with a degree of stinging kind satire rarely seen in works of Western horror directors (McRoy 2008 10). For example, new cult films include the shocking social satire Batoru Rowaiaru (Battle Royale, Kinji Fukasaku, Japan 2000) and the worrisome and genre-bending Odishon (Audition, Takashi Miike, Japan 1999). As a result, it can be argued that the multiplicity and repetition of American remakes have familiarised their viewers with elements that used to be typically Japanese. Their cultural specificity has become more transparent, and in this way, they have come to travel by their original folkloric references.The fact that genre films from distant cultures have nowadays become so accessible to popular understanding is a sign of the change magnitude multinationalism of film culture. As Elizabeth Ezra and Terry Rowden explainWithout succumbing to the exoticizing representational practices of m ainstream Hollywood films, transnational cinema which by definition has its own globalizing imperatives transcends the national as main(a) cultural particularity while respecting it as a powerful symbolical force. The category of the transnational allows us to recognize the hybridity of much new Hollywood cinema (2006 2).This transnationalism is therefore characterised not only by the American remakes or re-interpretation of foreign films, but also by the ability of foreign films to represent universal issues and thereby transcend their cultural specificity. Ruth Goldberg, who is quoted above as saying that the Japanese horror film can be read as culturally specific or as an act of translations to foreign audiences, ultimately adds that a third possibility can be to use elements of both approaches (2004 382). This more balanced mode of spectatorship could be referred to as the transnational reading. As suggested earlier, the cycle of Japanese remakes in America is very apparent t o have educated audiences to this broader reading of Japanese films. This worked to strengthen the foreign film market in the United States, a country that has been long known for its aversion to subtitles. In fact, not only did Hollywood never obscure that their new cycle of horror films were remakes of Japanese movies, but the viewings of the original versions were encouraged through cross promotion. For example, while discussing the special features on the videodisc of the Hollywood remake The Ring, Chuck Tryon observes that the extract Look Here invites viewers to receive a trailer for the Japanese original, which was distributed in conjunction with the DVD version of the American remake (2009 24). The remake, in this way, acted as a transition between American and Japanese horror.Interestingly, the advent of the DVD format proved to be fundamental not only to the popularity of Japanese horror, but to its transnational reading. Indeed, the availability of subtitles on DVDs m akes it easier for people to acquire movies that are not available in their country or language. If the original Japanese versions are distributed in Western countries, the films are usually complemented with special features to allow a better understanding and reading of the cultural specificities. For instance, the 2 Disc Special Collectors Edition DVD of Ju-On offers a large number of special features including interviews and commentaries with the director and a selection of actors, a Ju-On True Stories Featurettes and an Exclusive Feature-Length Audio Commentary with Asian Cinema Expert, Bey Logan. These features are included to educate the viewers in their transnational reading of the film, giving them a clearer understanding of the Japanese culture in order to approach the cultural specificities of the movie with an informed mind.In addition to the remakes and the transnational format that is the DVD, many Japanese films owe their success to the Internet. Indeed, this medium p rovides never-ending possibilities for film discoveries and international communication. One can, for instance, mention the emergence of the online grassroots democratic culture, which Henry Jenkins describes as a bottom-up consumer-driven process (2006 18) consumers can now supplely influence the production and distribution of films by highlighting the populace of niche markets. Other benefits of the Internet in terms of promoting transnational cinema are the unlimited availability of short films from all over the world, and the forums where international users are given the opportunity to discuss their opinions on films and share their interpretations. In this way, they encourage transnational readings of films along with the expansion of the foreign film market in America.Japanese films have inspired the American movie industry for decades. However, their films were always adapted for the Western culture and stripped of their deeper cultural meanings. isolated from a handful of productions that became international classics like Godzilla and Seven Samourai, Japanese film culture remained quite obscure until the success of Japanese horror. A series of American remakes called attention to the existence of this genre that portrayed terrifying horror filled with deep significance either specific to the Japanese culture or universal. Some factors such as DVD distribution, the Internet and active fan culture led to the increased distribution of these films in America, and fortify viewers involvement in transnational film culture. Thus, through its troops of adaptations and hiring of international filmmakers, Hollywood has become central to the crossover of cultural boundaries at a time of rapid globalisation.

China’s Economic Expansion: Implications for U.S. Trade and Hegemonic Stability

mainland chinawares frugal Expansion Implications for U.S. Trade and Hegemonic St kingA Changing spherical Landscape china is very rapidly approaching frugal space-reflection symmetry with the linked States, which may lead to signifi great dealt world(a) metamorphoses in top executive. Hegemonic constancy theory suggests that an international system is more promising to remain inactive if a single worker is a dominant world power, gum olibanum the worldwide equilibrium t residuals toward a hegemonic state.1 The joined States emerged as the global hegemon later ground War II, specifically in terms of frugal power, and has by and large provided stability for the global stinting system since that time. magical spell the U.S. has been commensu grade to save this position byout most of the 20th Century, chinaware is rapidly emerging as an influential economic player and could potentially displace the linked States as the global economic leader. mainland main land chinawares ambitious economic expansion projects, including the bleak Silk lane initiative and Made in mainland chinaware 2025, guide the potential to shift the nexus of economic power from the get together States and the West toward a Europe-China-centric scenario. Additionally, the rise of populist-nationalist political grandiosity at heart the united States could portend a polity shift toward economic protectionism, which would further rush the demise of the U.S. economic hegemon and the rise of China as its successor. It would be in the best interest of the get together States to engage with China in a cooperative and mutually salutary way, perhaps even as a partner in Chinas economic development initiatives, in lay to preserve American economic prosperity.Chinas parsimoniousness An Historic OverviewInsight into Chinas modern strategy for economic expansion is barely possible within the context of Chinas past. Throughout most of Chinas history, the Chinese economy was merely able to meet the basic needs of the landed estates big population, including its basic nutritional needs.2 Drought, war and social unrest often light-emitting diode to periods of famine and mass starvation before 1949, when the Chinese communistic fellowship came to power.3 After this transition, food storage became centrally controlled by the giving medication. This method allowed the country to successfully avert famine, and food drudgery grew rapidly after 1949. This accession in productivity was largely matched by population growth until the peerless-child policy was instituted in the 1980s, thus the sum upd ware potentiality was not able to outpace essential consumption needs, and very little surplus was produced.4The long goal of the Communist party was to transform China into a modern, industrialise nation with improved living standards and minimal economic disparity (i.e. a classless society), and to modernize military equipment. The dispos al leadership initially adopt the Soviet economic model, which concentered on achieving a high rate of economic growth that emphasized industrial development at the write down of coarse development. Through this process, a solid foundation was created in crusade and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement making and other modern industrial technologies. Although the presidency overly endeavored to facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources by further farmers to organize into increasingly large and socialized collective units, the results were not as dramatic as the level of growth within the industrial sectors.5In response to the tepid growth in the agricultural sector, in 1957 the Chinese government largely shifted authority for economic decision making to the provincial, county, and local anesthetic level. During this time, the Chinese leadership throw in the toweled the Soviet model and instead follow an approach that relied on spontaneous efforts by the ent ire population to reach a great leap within all economic sectors at once, which helped to stimulate agricultural growth. The initial problem with this approach was the lack of fit capital to invest in both industrial development and factory farm simultaneously. To overcome this problem, the leadership attempted to create capital within the agricultural sector by building vast irrigation systems, employing huge teams of underemployed farmers.6 contempt these advances, the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s under Mao Zedong severely strangled technological innovation within China.7 This was largely a political phenomenon, where the Communist fellowship attempted to consolidate power by expelling whatever hint of budding capitalist ideas, Chinese traditionalists, and intellectuals. However, it had a pronounced instal on the growing Chinese economy. Factory managers were largely replaced with Communist Party operatives who had very little friendship of management or of the enterpr ise they were supposed(p) to run. Engineers, scientists, and other professional personnel were sent to the countryside as laborers, or were engrossed as dissidents. Additionally, the Cultural Revolution forced the closing of Universities, which severely hindered Chinas ability to develop youthful applied science. This loss of key knowledge resulted in a 14% decline in industrial production by 1967.8In the late 1970s, after the death of Mao, the Chinese government reaffirmed the modernization program espoused prior to the Cultural Revolution.9 The Chinese leaders unflinching that the centrally planned economy had failed to produce sufficient economic growth, and had caused China to fall behind the industrialized powers of the West and the newly industrialized Asiatic nations. While the Communist leadership did not want to completely abandon the centrally planned economy idea, it strived to make it work better by increasing the role of market mechanisms and by reducing the leve l of centralise government control. For industry, this included increased autonomy and the ability of managers to keep salary instead of remitting everything earned to the state. While some key industries were still centrally controlled, soulfulness enterprise was allowed (to an extent) as a means to incentivize economic growth and to reduce unemployment.10In recent history, China has been less of an innovator and more of an imitator of foreign technology and innovations. Chinas modern industrial development paradigm lags behind that of the developed world. While the Chinese government has policy initiatives to encourage informal explore and development and technology take away from outside economies, shortcomings from the pre-reform, planned economy era flummox constrained Chinas ability to efficiently innovate. Chinas Modern renewal StrategyIn order for some(prenominal) economy to innovate and grow, individual firms must focus on a combination of internal inquiry and de velopment efforts and external technology scholarship. In this context, the definition of technology is spread out from the vernacular to include processes and ideas that enhance a firm or administrations ability to compete.11 Establishing a strategy that combines these efforts most efficiently is unavoidable to maximize overall economic development.12 In modern microeconomic theory, internal research and development and external technology acquisition are considered to be complimentary innovation strategies. Economic activities are complimentary if the adoption of one does not preclude the other, and if the sum benefit of implementing both activities concurrently is great than the benefit of implementing just one or the other.13 Assuming the complementarity of internal research and development and external technology acquisition, authors Fu, Pietrobelli and Soete argue that the absorbefacient capacity of any small or medium firm within a growing economy is the limiting fact or to successfully executing technology transfer.14 The authors mold absorptive capacity as a firms ability to recognize the value of new information, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends.15In another study, Authors Hou and Mohnen16 tested the complementarity of internal research and development and external technology transfer in Chinese firms and found that the two technology acquisition strategies are indeed complimentary, simply that external technology acquisition yielded high re figures than internal research and development for small and medium firms. Additionally, the authors found that state-ownership of firms check with both product and process innovation, presumably because of increased access to pecuniary and policy support from the central government. This relationship would likely increase the absorptive capacity of the firm. This suggests that small and medium firms with no government connection may be at a disadvantage due to a trim absorptive capacit y, and may be incentivized to work closely with the central Chinese government in order to acquire the necessary resources to compete within the Chinese and global marketplace.17 Thus, while Chinas modern economic development strategy is ostensibly about supporting the expansion of small, confidential firms, state-connections are highly incentivized by the market.The recent Silk thoroughfareChinas new Silk driveway initiative is a logical extension of Chinas economic expansion and modernization efforts. This initiative is an allusion to its namesake shift intercommunicate stretching from China to interchange Asia and the Middle East, which was established over 2,000 years ago.18 In 2013, China proposed establishing a modern analog to the ancient Silk Road however, instead of transporting silk and spices, this would build a kalework of railways, pipelines and utility grids to link China to the Middle East and Eastern Europe via Central Asia.19 Also know as the One pat One Road initiative (OBOR), this massive infrastructure project aims to create the worlds largest network for economic cooperation. This development would make it much more efficient for China to trade with 65 countries, representing 60 percent of the global population.20 China markets the initiative as a net win for all parties involved, and host governments see the unexampled Silk Road as an opportunity for job creation, economic development, and participation in the global supply chain.21 The newly Silk Road initiative would allow China to more efficiently project soft power within Asia, Africa and Europe, which could have significant trade and national security implications for the linked States.Chinese firms have increased their foreign investment within partner countries in order to pave the way for the New Silk Road. According to the economic expert, several economic research organizations predict that the total Chinese investment abroad could rise to $2 trillion USD by 2020 .22 For comparison, this figure was less than $800 million USD at the end of 2014.23 As stated previously, Chinese firms are strongly incentivized to sustain connections with Chinese state-owned entities (or to be state-owned entities themselves), thus it stands to reason that much of the value earned through this investment will directly benefit the Chinese government. The Chinese administrations entanglement within the region will likely go into significant hurdles to U.S. activities, and may diminish U.S. stoop in Central Asia, the Middle East, and possibly Europe. It is worth noting that Beijing established $100 meg USD Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIID), a multinational mount body, to support New Silk Road investments. 24 The AIID currently has 57 members, including Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.25 notably absent is the United States.Made in China 2025Not except is China expanding its economic reach and soft power influence within Eurasia via t he New Silk Road, notwithstanding it is likewise working to shift its overall production upmarket from low level manufacturing to advanced technology development.26 Made in China 2025 is an effort to completely upgrade Chinese industry. The Chinese government has outlined clear principles establishing the goals of the initiative, including a desire to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry by making it more efficient so that it can participate in the highest-level global production chains. It also strives to create more innovation-driven manufacturing that emphasizes quality over quantity, environmentally sustainable development, and human capital management.27 While these are worthy goals for any country, Chinas upmarket shift from manufacturing large quantities of inexpensive, low-quality goods to high-tech, high-quality products could disrupt the global market for high-tech goods because of Chinas large production capacity. In the same way that inexpensive Chinese manufacturi ng has shifted labor from the United States to China, an upmarket shift in Chinas manufacturing may have the same effect on highly virtuoso(prenominal) workers within the United States.Implications for the United StatesIn order to mitigate the global effects of Chinas economic expansion that may be detrimental to the U.S. strategic position, it is imperative for the United States to engage with China in a cooperative and mutually beneficial way. President Donald Trump has been a vocal critic of trade deals, and has been specially harsh on Beijing, in effect blaming low Chinese labor costs for the perceived lack of American jobs.28 According to the United States Trade Representative, two-way trade with China was $598 billion USD in 2015, thus making China the United States largest trading partner.29 If the anti-Chinese rhetoric manifests as higher tariffs on Chinese imports, China may focus its trade efforts away from the United States and toward its New Silk Road partners, thus s ignificantly reducing U.S. international trade.30The impact of arresting trade with China on U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is difficult to ascertain due to competing variables, but it is likely to have a net negative effect. While tariffs would increase the net exports variable used in calculating GDP (the U.S. is a net importer from China), they may adversely affect other factors that contribute to GDP. For example, Chinese goods are less expensive to produce than U.S. and most European goods. Thus, if the United States diverts its import activities from China to Europe or increases domestic production, these goods will likely be more expensive than the Chinese alternatives, thus reducing overall domestic consumption within the United States. This new equilibrium would also affect the supply of domestic goods as demand decreases, thus also reducing U.S. investment in domestic production (and a attendant reduction in demand for labor). Overall, this may lead to a net decrease i n the U.S. GDP and a reduction in useable jobs within the United States. This American jobs loss would be exacerbated further as China shifts its manufacturing capabilities upmarket via the Made in China 2025 initiative, which may pelt along the offshoring highly skilled U.S. jobs in addition to skilled labor. Not only would tariffs further incentivize China to focus its trade efforts on its New Silk Road partners, but they may evoke the second order effect of advance Europe to look to China for economic leadership. This could occur if China responds to U.S. tariffs by accelerating its economic expansion into Eastern Europe. This would likely reduce U.S. economic influence in Europe, and thus limit the U.S. ability to project soft power within the region. This would further shift the hegemon toward China as the global economic leader.In conclusion, Chinese economic expansion activities, including the New Silk Road Initiative and Made in China 2025, could lead to a global hegemonic shift. This is especially true as China expands its influence toward Europe. As the United States global influence wanes, Europe and U.S. allies within Central Asia may turn to China as the new hegemon a new global economic leader. Global power structures are dynamic, and it is unlikely that the future global power landscape will encompass a unipolar U.S. hegemon as it has in the past. However, a multipolar hegemon including both the United States and China is surely possible. It would benefit the United States to engage China in a cooperative and mutually beneficial way by preserving economically liberal trade arrangements. Additionally, the U.S should strive to maintain its position as a major soft power player in Asia and Europe and work diligently to maintain its trade relationships within Europe and Central Asia, possibly through partnering with China on the New Silk Road. This is of great strategic importance not only for the U.S. national security, but also for continued Am erican economic prosperity.BibliographyBuck, magic trick. Chinas stir Economy. (University of Chicago Press, 1930).Carbaugh, Robert. Contemporary Economics An Applications Approach. (Cengage Learning, 2006).Christensen, Clayton M. The Innovators Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Management of Innovation and switch over). Harvard Business Review Press. January 5, 2016.Cohen, Tyler. comprehend China Through its Economic History. Bloomberg (July 25, 2016), Accessed 4 April 2017. https//www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-25/seeing-china-through-its-economic-historyCohen, Wesley M. and Levinthal, Daniel A., Absorptive capacity A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative scientific discipline Quarterly 35, no 1 (1990)128-152.Elisseeff, Vadime. The Silk Roads Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books, 2000.Fu, Xiaolan, et al., The Role of outside(prenominal) engine room and Indigenous Innovation in the Emerging Economies Technologi cal Change and Catching-up, World Development 39, no 7 (July 2011) 1204-1212.Gramer, Robbie. All aboard Chinas New Silk Road Express. Foreign Policy. 4 January 2017.Guluzian, Christine R. Making Inroads Chinas New Silk Road Initiative. Cato Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Winter 2017).Heilmann, Sebastian. Chinas Technology Grab. The outside(a) Economy. Spring 2016.Hou, Jun and Mohnen, capital of South Dakota, Complementarity between in-house R&D and technology purchasing evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms, United Nations University Working Paper, (August 2011).Jinchen, Tian. One Belt and One Road Connecting China and the World. McKinsey&Company Capital Projects and Infrastructure. July 2016.Made in China 2025. Center for Strategic and worldwide Studies. Accessed 31 March 2017. http//www.csis.org/ epitome/made-in-china-2025.Miller, Berkshire, J. Dissecting Trumps Hardline empty words on China. China U.S. Focus. Accessed 4 April 2017. http//www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/dissec ting-trumps-hardline-rhetoric-on-china.Morrison, Wayne M. Chinas Economic Rise History, Trends, Challenges and Implications for the United States. Congressional question Service Report. (October 21, 2015).Oatley, Thomas. International Political Economy, 5th Edition. New York Routledge, 2016.Office of the United States Trade Representative. The communitys Republic of China. Accessed 4 April 2017. https//ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china.Slate, Robert. Competing with Intelligence New Directions in Chinas betoken for Intangible Property and Implications for fatherland Security, Homeland Security Affairs 5, no 1 (January 2009)1-27.The New Silk Road. The Economist picky Report. September 2015.Worde, Robert, et al., ed, China A unpolished Study (Federal research Division, U.S. Library of Congress, 1987).1 Thomas Oatley. International Political Economy, 5th Edition. New York Routledge, 2016.2 John Buck. Chinas Farm Economy. (University of Chicag o Press, 1930).3 Robert Worde, et al., ed, China A Country Study (Federal Research Division, U.S. Library of Congress, 1987), 207.4 Ibid, 207.5 Ibid, 215.6 Ibid, 216.7 Tyler Cohen. Seeing China Through its Economic History. Bloomberg (July 25, 2016), Accessed 4 April 2017. https//www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-25/seeing-china-through-its-economic-history8 Ibid, 220.9 Wayne M. Morrison. Chinas Economic Rise History, Trends, Challenges and Implications for the United States. Congressional Research Service Report. (October 21, 2015).10 Ibid, 223.11 Clayton M. Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Management of Innovation and Change). Harvard Business Review Press. January 5, 2016.12 Jun Hou and Pierre Mohnen, Complementarity between in-house R&D and technology purchasing evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms, United Nations University Working Paper, (August 2011) 1-23.13 Robert Carbaugh. Contemporary Economics An Applications Approach. (Cengage Learning, 2006), 35.14 Xiaolan Fu, Carlo Pietrobelli, Luc Soete, The Role of Foreign Technology and Indigenous Innovation in the Emerging Economies Technological Change and Catching-up, World Development 39, no 7 (July 2011) 1204-1212.15 Wesley M. Cohen and Daniel A. Levinthal, Absorptive capacity A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no 1 (1990)128-152.16 Hou and Mohnen.17 Robert Slate, Competing with Intelligence New Directions in Chinas Quest for Intangible Property and Implications for Homeland Security, Homeland Security Affairs 5, no 1 (January 2009)1-27.18 Vadime Elisseeff. The Silk Roads Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books, 2000.19 Tian Jinchen, One Belt and One Road Connecting China and the World. McKinsey&Company Capital Projects and Infrastructure. July 2016.20 Robbie Gramer. All aboard Chinas New Silk Road Express. Foreign Policy. 4 January 2017.21 Christine R. Guluzian. Making Inroads Chinas Ne w Silk Road Initiative. Cato Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Winter 2017).22 The New Silk Road. The Economist Special Report. September 2015.23 Ibid.24 Guluzian, Cato Journal.25 Ibid.26 Sebastian Heilmann. Chinas Technology Grab. The International Economy. Spring 2016.27 Made in China 2025. Center for Strategic and International Studies. Accessed 31 March 2017. http//www.csis.org/analysis/made-in-china-202528 J. Berkshire Miller. Dissecting Trumps Hardline Rhetoric on China. China U.S. Focus. Accessed 4 April 2017. http//www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/dissecting-trumps-hardline-rhetoric-on-china29 Office of the United States Trade Representative. The Peoples Republic of China. Accessed 4 April 2017. https//ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china30 Gramer, Foreign Policy.

Methodology And Benefits Of Ecotel Hotels Tourism Essay

methodology And Benefits Of Ecotel Hotels Tourism experimentECOTEL?ECOTEL is an surroundingsal security that enables hotels to be truly green, soci all toldy responsible, and sustainable over the long term by involving the entire value chain of owners, architects, operators, employees, suppliers and hotel guests.What is the ECOTEL Methodology?The ECOTEL methodology evaluates a hotels systems, processes and practices for milieu friendliness through and through a soaked assessment of its range, scope and results across five crucial parameters, known as The Five Globes. These ar Environment Commitment, Solid Waste Management, Energy Management, pissing Management, and Employee Education and Community Involvement. To be demonstrate as an ECOTEL, a hotel essential score the lower limit qualifying percentage on each of the globes.What be the benefits for ECOTEL Hotels? Lower in operation(p) monetary values, greater profits through a rivet effort on reducing bollocks generat ion and increasing working(a) efficiencies. Enhanced visibility for members through the ECOTEL website who also gain access to the second-stringer engine and other marketing features. Publicly recognized branding for hotels that whitethorn have/not have partnered with world-wide chains. Value for money, as the embody of affirmation is comparatively lower than others to enable hotels to truly benefit from the rapture of knowledge.HISTORY of ECOTELECOTEL was developed by HVS in association with the Rocky lot Institute, USA with the help of engineering and hospitality experts. Conceptualized in 1994 by HVS the worlds lead story consulting and services organization focused on the hotel, restaurant, shared ownership, gaming, and leisure industries ECOTEL was a pioneering program specific to hospitalityWhy should you choose to be an ECOTEL?Rigorous standards used for the credentials methodology that are steadyly updated to keep current with scientific advances and internationa l thinking.Specific to hospitality as ECOTEL is managed by HVS, a spheric consulting freak in hospitality.Recognition of hotelspecific green operations with hotels demonstrating substantial such evidence encouraged to seek certification, instead of just those who could build in the features.Broader in scope than other certifications as it enables a hotel to function responsibly while positively seismic disturbanceing the local community of interests.Handholding through extinct certification period, as clients are updated and assisted to improve their performance through consultation, formulation and identification of practicable areas where they can improve efficiencies and cut back consumption.Spans the positioning spectrum, recognizing high levels of environment commitment and environmentfriendly operations in hotels irrespective of size, positioning, or profile.How to be an ECOTEL?Hotels seeking the ECOTEL support are assessed for their environmental readiness through a pr operty walkthrough, which entails inspection of different departments and random interviews with hotel staff. As per their status, they are either awarded the specific certification or enabled through a customized invention to achieve a specific level. In case of the later, the hotel is finally examineed afterwards the intervention and awarded the certificationThe Five GlobesThe methodology for the ECOTEL credentials is centered upon the thought process of the Five Globes or five areas of certification, which together encompass the processes, systems and practices that ensure an environmentally responsible hotel operation. An audit is undertaken in each of these globes based on an audit checklist. The audit checklist for each of the globes is very well researched andbased on scientific and technological advances and international charters and treaties specific to saving the environment.Environment Commitment A hotel demonstrates its environmental commitment through wide rangin g programs and best practices that minimise its impact on the environment through out(p) its value chain while intemperate overall business costs.Solid Waste Management For the hospitality industry, the waste created by daily operations is an ongoing challenge. In addition to incur the costs of waste disposal, hotels need to also allocate valuable back-of-the signboard space for waste to be stored and sorted. For hotels, a good waste concern strategy results in greater operational efficiencies, keeping wasteout of the landfill, and reducing greenhouse gas emissions.Energy Management Energy is among the fastest-growing cost items for the lodging industry worldwide. In India, it approximates 8-15% of a hotels gross revenue. While invent and operating system-improvements provide the framework for preservation of resources, large energy nest egg and thereby economic efficiency results through the switch to low-cost, easy-to-implement alternatives and a regular maintenance schedul e.Water Management The rampant overusing and wasting of water on with global warming has led to a water-scarcity challenge that hasserious implications for the global community and economy. A good water management strategy accommodates conservation of water through Efficient technology and programs, recycling through measures standardised grey water treatment, as well as earth-friendly practices like backdrop water recharge and rainwater harvesting.Employee Education and Community Involvement cause employees to insure the need for a change to environment-friendly practices, believing in them, and adapting them is a necessity for environmental initiatives to be both successful and sustainable. A well-thought out and well-executed education and training effort enables this. ECOTEL hotels also raise eco-consciousness in the community through either awareness campaigns or practices that can be construct into the community, thus truly facilitating a change for a better environme nt.The intense on the right shows the ECOTEL logo represented by the Earth in the centre, surrounded by the five globes or areas of ECOTEL Certification. Together, these five globes encompass the processes, systems, and practices of environmentally responsible hotel operations. Thus, the image conveys that ECOTEL through its five globes is a Certification that cares for the WORLD.Certification DetailsThe certification is valid for a period of one course only, after which members must reapply. It is applicable to hotels irrespective of a member hotels rude of origin since it is designed specifically for recognizing environmentfriendly systems, operations, and practices in hospitality.The turnThe Process for Certification is typically undertaken in three steps, which areDZ-ArenaSIMSR AssignmentsPOMECOTELFlowChart.gifStep One Property AssessmentIn an effort to understand the current standards observed by the hotel, an in-depth assessment of the property is conducted covering all th e relevant areas of focus. The inspection includesInterviews with the management and staff to comprehend the propertys commitment to environment. corporeal inspection of the subject property including back-of-the-house areas to evaluate the systems employed for undertaking environment friendly operations.Collating data on consumption of various resources such as electricity, water, diesel, and chemicals among others to assess the processes for environment friendly operations.Interviews with the staff to assess their knowledge, attitude, and training levels to train out environment friendly operations.This stage of the certification process culminates in generation of a Property Assessment Report that details the propertys service line status as regards achieving minimum standards considered essential for an ECOTEL.Step Two Roadmap for Certification-If the hotel wishes to certify itself as an ECOTEL, our team prepares a detailed blueprint for the certification in conjunction with th e hotels management team. This Roadmap for Certification includes mutually decided targets, technology, and training workshops that will enable the hotel to become an ECOTEL.The process is estimated to take upto 5-6 months and will include training initiatives, inclusion of best practices as part of the hotels standard operating procedures and the necessary capital infusion where required.Phase Three AuditA final audit of the property shall then be conducted and a certification awarded on its successful completion.Rating System The hotel is rated on the parameters defined in our checklists covering the five globes. Our methodology rates every standard on a Likert scale, assigning weights to them based on their contribution. The checklists have a predefined minimum standard, Primary Criteria, which every participating hotel has to clear before being certified as an ECOTEL.

Analysis of Construct Traits in Personality Theory

Analysis of Construct Traits in temper TheoryWord add up 1521Q It is said that characteristics ar important shits in temperament speculation. Support or refute this pass onment.1. INTRODUCTIONIf you were all to ask a somebody to break him or her self, he or she would probably make use of adjectives such as motivated, fun-loving, or maybe lazy and disorganised. These tribe would, in essence, be describing themselves by identifying aspects of what makes them who they are, factors or characteristics. Kassin (2003) identifies individuals emotions, thoughts and behaviors as making up his or her spirit. These can vary considerably from one person to the next. Therefore, in order to make the subject of disposition to a greater extent scientific, researchers such as Allport, Eysenck and Cattell, through a process of factor analysis, identified factors or aspects of personality, that are considerably stable across time. nature traits. These researchers have non notwithstandin g r apieceed an absolute consensus on the precise number of traits, which may be employ to accurately describe personality. Eysenck, for example identified the traits neuroticism, extraversion and psychoticism as fitted in describing about aspects of personality. Cattell, however, identified 16 traits necessary in score for aspects of personality. These disparities arise out of differences in factor-analytic method used and the carry of items analysed (Carr, 2004). The to the highest degree dominant trait theory of fresh years is the Five-Factor Model of Personality (MacCrae Costa, 1999) a richer exploration of this go away follow.The following will consider the take to be of the invention traits in personality theory, by providing an over capture of the literature on the construct traits, related theories and current research, concluding with a discussion on the findings.2. descriptionIn considering the enormousness of the construct traits in personality theory, the au thor will look closer at the definition of personality and that of the construct traits.2.1. A Definition of PersonalityIt is said that there are as more definitions of personality as there are personality theorist. Pitts (1991 609) highlights Gordon Allports definition of personality, which identifies it as, the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his characteristic behaviour and thought, as being widely accepted by virtually theorists. Kaplan and Sadock (1998 775) define personality as, a persons characteristic kernel of emotional and behavioural traits apparent in ordinary life, a amount that is usually stable and predictable.From these two door-to-door definitions, personality could thereof be seen as being both distinctive and characteristic, and as describing a style of interacting in everyday life. Since each person is complexly unique, it is not surprising that the task of describing, and even more so, measuring pe rsonality is too highly complex.On returning to the question, and considering the above definition of personality, it would appear that for the construct traits to play a significant role in personality theory they need to be able to accurately describe an individuals general disposition, and identify these as being stable across the life-span.2.2. A Definition of TraitsTraits are said to be those things that make us who we are. to a greater extent specifically, traits are relatively enduring personal characteristics, which, along with situational variables, influence behaviour, erudition and affect (Carr, 2004 181).In considering the above definition, the following terms are highlighted relatively enduring and situational. The author highlights these terms specifically, as they impact on the importance of traits on personality theory, in that traits, according to this definition, are not ineluctably stable across the life span and are situationally influenced. For example, the trait respectable is very often used in describing an individual, yet this particular trait is often very dependent on a given situation. in spite of these possible limitations of trait theory, the author considers the progress to admittance traits provide in understanding and describing personality and personal interactions, as well as a tool for comparing individuals.3. THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONSFactor-analytic approaches and trait theories have arisen in recent years as a welcomed alternative to abstract theorising, in identifying aspects of personality that influences an individual respond in varying situation (Pitts, 1991). Raymond Cattell, using a set of observable, surface personality traits, identified a small separate of 16 primary traits, as being central to personality. While, Hans Jurgen Eysenck proposed a 3-trait model. to a greater extent recently, the Five-Factor Model (MacCrae Costa, 1999) has emerged as a front-runner of trait theories, as it provides a middle ro ad between the extreme positions of Cattell and Eysenck (Carr, 2004).The Author will forthwith consider these approaches to trait theory in greater depth.3.1. Raymond CattellIn his presence to improve the predictive techniques of personality theory, in estimating a persons behaviour in a given situation, Raymond Cattell began by identifying names, used to describe traits or characteristics of personality (Pitt, 1991 623). From a list of 18 000 trait names, Cattell reduced this to 160. Then, through a process of factor analysis, he further reduced this number to 16 factors. Cattell described these 16 factors on a continuum, in a view that each person possess, to some degree, every trait. Everybody has some degree of every trait. These traits in Abstractedness, Apprehension, Dominance, Emotional Stability, Liveliness, Openness to Change, Perfectionism, Privateness, Reasoning, Rule Consciousness, Self-Reliance, Sensitivity, Social Boldness, Tension, Vigilance and Warmth. Cattell cons idered these 16 factors as source traits, which form the basis of personality (Pitt, 1991, 623). In 1949 Cattell print these findings in an assessment tool, the 16PF.According to Fehriinger(2004 16), despite Cattells 16-factor theory having do great divisions to the training of personality theory, his theory has received vast criticism. The most prominent criticism being that despite numerous attempts to replicate the 16 Personality Factor Model, an entire replication has never been achieved. Yet, despite criticism, Fehriinger (2004 16) identifies the contribution of Cattells theory in that, investigation into to the validity of Cattells model researchers did meet the giving Five Factors, which have been monumental in understanding personality, as we know it today.3.2. Hans Jurgen EysenckAccording to Eysenck, personality can be represent on three dimensions, which are uncorrelated with each other he labelled them extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism (Pitt, 1991). Eysenc k suggested that each person exhibits set responses to external and interior stimuli and that these will vary in accordance with the intensity of the stimuli, the situation and state of mind (Pitt, 1991).These set responses thusly develop into predictable trends, for example, a person may feel intimidated by large crowds, and as a result, limit his or her contact with specific situations. When this avoidance becomes a principle defence to coping with crowds, it becomes a habit. This behaviour may also then extend to other situations, such as social functions or age out in the city. When these responses are combined, they form traits.Jang (1998 27) identifies the following contributions of Eysencks approach to the development of personality theory.By combing descriptive and casual aspects of personality, Eysencks model is considered more credible than other descriptive models.It is both comprehensive and descriptive, a critical aspect for comparison with other trait theories.The observational approach adopted by Eysenck in the study of personality, makes this model more evidence based. Making this model more likely to generate more specific predictions because knowledge about the functioning of the specified physiological structures is available. contempt these identified contributions, Eysencks theory has received criticism in that it has been run aground to concentrate too extensively on extraversion, and has not made both expansion. A further criticism is that the unitary nature of extraversion, a presumption of his theory, has been questioned.3.3. Five-Factor ModelThe Five-Factor Model has drawn on the insights of Cattell, Eysenck and others, and includes the following dimensions Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness to give and Agreeableness and Conscientiousness (Carr, 2004). According to Srivastava (2006), the five-factor model has made significant contributions to the development of personality theory, in that it established a common taxonomy, do ing away with a previously disorganised field. Furthermore, the five-factor model is distinguished from other theories is that it is based on language, rather than on ideas from an individual psychologist.Further support is found for the five-factor model, in that meta-analysis has confirmed the predictive value of this model across a range of behaviors. Saulsman and Page (2004, as cited in Srivastava, 2006) examined the relationship between the five-factor model and each of the 10 personality discommode categories in the Diagnostic and Statistical manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV). These researchers found that across 15 independent samples, each disorder displayed a unique and predictable five-factor profile (Srivastava, 2006).4. DISCUSSIONFrom the afore gone exploration on personality theory and traits, the author is able to identify both strengths and weaknesses of the construct traits. Since trait theory is largely based on statistical data, it removes any bias influence and ride outs objective, unlike other personality theories, which are based on subjective personal experiences. Furthermore, it is a clear and easy to apply approach for use in understanding people. However, the criticisms remain that it is a poor predictor of future behaviour and fails to address developmental issues. Despite these, the author is able to identify the importance of the construct trait in personality theory.5. BIBLIOGRAPHYCarr, A. 2004. Positive Psychology The science of happiness and man strengths. Hove Brunner-Routledge.Fehriinger, H.M. 2004. Contributions and Limitations of Cattells Sixteen Personality Factor Model. Retrieved on the March 2nd, 2007, fromhttp//www.personalityresearch.org/ cover/fehringer.html.Jang, K. 1998. Eysencks PEN Model Its contributions to personality psychology. Retrieved on March 2nd, fromhttp//www.personalityresearch.org/written document/jang.htmlKaplan, H. I., Sadock, B. J. 1998. Synopsis of Psychiatry Behavioral sciences/ clinical psych iatry. (8th ed.). USA Lippincott Williams Willkins.Kassin, S. 2003. Psychology. USA Prentice-Hall, Inc.McCrae, R., Costa, P. 1999. A five factor theory of personality. In L. Pervin and O. John (Eds.). Handbook of Personality (2nd ed.). pp. 139-153. NY Guilford.Pitts, M. 1991. Personality. In J. Radford and E. Govier (Eds.). A Textbook of Psychology (2nd ed.). London Routledge.Srivastava, S. (2006). Measuring the Big Five Personality Factors. Retrieved March 2nd, 2007 from http//www.uoregon.edu/sanjay/bigfive.html.

Hamlet Essay -- literary Analysis, Shakespeare

In Shakespeares break away, hamlet, lifter Hamlet, experiences umpteen rises and falls throughout the play that moderate a study impact on his mentality decline. The way in which readers interpret the character, Hamlet, tramp vary in many ways. For instance, Hamlet delivers many soliloquies throughout the work, better-looking readers a better insight of his state of head word. Additionally, two signifi crappert soliloquies in both Acts II and III show a clear fool of Hamlets mental and emotional state. The soliloquies expressed by many characters throughout the play, signify a critical point within the plot or change of tone. For example, Hamlets monologue in (II.ii.563-622), he is justifying his actions, reaffirming himself that what he is planning to do to seek revenge for his fathers death, is the best thing to do. In this speech, Hamlet states, Is it not monstrous that this fake here,/ But in a fiction, in a dream of passion,/ Could pass his soul so to his own conce it/That, from her working, all his visage wanned.(II.ii.565-568) These lines can be inferred as Hamlet is questioning his own state of mind and validity of his plan. Hamlet is questioning how can a player, who acts out fancied emotions, can truly catch the conscience of the female monarch(II.ii.622). However, he believes that the creativity exuded from the soul(II.ii,568), can effectively allow a player to perform as if they are real emotions. Hamlets only concern is pursuit revenge for his fathers death done at the transfer of his uncle, Claudius, who now has the throne. The plot of the play to parallel to the real death of King Hamlet, allowing Hamlet to make Claudius feel uncomfortable and guilty(II.ii.578). Also, in this monologue, Hamlet states that the weirdie of his father may have actua... ... instance, the speech in Act II can be seen as Hamlets concern with sidesplitting Claudius. Contrastingly, the speech in Act III can be seen as Hamlet just contemplating suicide . I do not believe that Hamlet is aware that Claudius and Polonius are hiding behind a tapestry during his monologue of Act III. Hamlet believes that he is truly alone and stating things that are received to his own thoughts. I believe that if Hamlet knew that Polonius and Claudius were near, he wouldnt have stated those intimate thoughts and details of his strategic plan. In conclusion, Shakespeares disaster of Hamlet, is a tale of misfortune and deceit. Hamlets soliloquies were significant to this play whereas they act as markers for readers to follow the action within the play. Also, the monologues give a insight to the mind of Hamlet, allowing readers to have a better understanding the play.

My Personal Search For A Meaningful Existence :: essays research papers

My Personal Search for a Meaningful institutionI am the representative embodiment of my nihilistic culture. I amnarcissistic, insatiable, petty, apathetic and I am above all an emotionalinvalid. Yet, up until very recently, I was not consciously aware that I was unlawful of having any of these in all pejorative attributes, because I hadunconsciously suppressed my subjective will to attain a pregnant existence, infavor of the pacifier and security that complacency and futility provide. Thereexists in me a void, that is not peculiar to find in the members of myEurocentric society, which is derived from the conscious or unconscious intimacy that our culture is entirely devoid of meaning. This is, morespecifically, the plight of my generation, which has been defined by itsdisillusionment, apathy and inaction, rather than its accomplishments, beliefsor ideologies. Escapism is the safety mechanism that enables our course fromactuality, and subsequently our ability to exist, because we have been cursedwith a wealth of advantages and a lack of restrictions. For example I am freeto choose my hold religion, I am not stifled by or subjected to economicdisadvantage, I am not bound to subservience by an dictatorial or tyrannicalgovernment, I am blessed with a countless of conveniences by my technologicallyadvanced society, and I come from a nurturing and supportive family, so who thehell am I to complain rough my circumstances. The only explanation I can give,in retort to my business that I have been cursed by my inherent advantages,is since my life is completely devoid of any profound hapless, it issubsequently lacking any meaningful happiness, because man only experiencesthese feelings in terms of their relative relationship to superstar another. Thus, Ivainly invent my own wholly unfounded reasons to sound off my existence, in thesame way that a hypochondriac invents his psychosomatic illnesses, because the thirster we feign to have a justifiable cue fo r suffering, the more that thatsuffering actualizes itself. The primary source of my anxieties is derived fromthe inherent knowledge that I am condemned to be free, in a society ofrelatively few restrictions, which subsequently requires me to be the master ofmy own destiny. Thus, I am not only censurable for determining my own fate, but Iam also wholly responsible for finding a meaningful purpose in my existence,which instills me with an importunate feeling of trepidation, because Im not sureIm ready to shoulder such a profound responsibility. I live in a nihilisticsociety, that is founded on mans narcissistic will to pleasure and power, that

Abortion - Man Cant Be Rightly Disposed of by Man :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Abortion - Man Cant Be Rightly abandoned of by Man Temporal life story lived in this world is non identified with the person. The person possesses as his own a level of life that is more than profound and that can non end. Bodily life is a fundamental good, hither below it is the condition for all other goods. just there ar higher values for which it could be legitimate or even unavoidable to be willing to expose oneself to the risk of losing bodily life. In a society of persons the common good is for each individual an end which he must serve and to which he must subordinate his particular interest. But it is not his last end and, from this point of view, it is society which is at the assistance of the person, because the person will not fulfill his destiny except in God. The person can be definitively subordinated only to God. Man can neer be treated simply as a means to be disposed of in order to obtain a higher end. In regard to the mutual chastises and duties of the person and of society, it departs to moral teaching to enlighten consciences it belongs to the justice to specify and organize external behavior. There is precisely a sure number of rights which society is not in a position to allow since these rights precede society but society has the function to preserve and to visit them. These are the greater part of those which are today called human rights and which our climb on boasts of having formulated. The first right of the human person is his life. He has other goods and whatsoever are more precious, but this one is fundamental-- the condition of all the others. thus it must be protected above all others. It does not belong to society, nor does it belong to public authority in any form to spot this right for some and not for others all discrimination is evil, whether it be founded on race, sex, color or religion. It is not recognition by another that constitutes this right. This right is antecedent to its recognition it dem ands recognition and it is strictly unjust to refuse it. either discrimination based on the various stages of life is no more justified than any other discrimination. The right to life remains manage in an old person, even one greatly weakened it is not lost by one who is incurably sick.

Essay --

What is Prison? What is Rehab?A prison or toss out is a facility in which individuals are forcibly contain and denied a variety of freedoms under the states form of discipline. The use of prisons is as part of a criminal justice system, that charge individuals of convicted of execrations and are confined to a jail or prison. Drug rehabilitation is a border for the processes of medical treatment, for dependency on substances such as alcohol, prescription drugs, and highroad drugs such as cocaine, heroin or amphetamines (Russel). . The reason for the rehab is to allow the enduring to delete substance abuse out of their lives, so they can fend off the legal, physical consequences, social financial that can cause major problems. interference provides counseling by experts and sharing of experience with other addicts and, also, medication for clinical depression or other disorders. There are also rehab centers that contain guess and spiritual wisdom in the treatment process. Dru g obstinacy is the crime of having one or more illegal drugs in ones bullheadedness, either for face-to-face use, distribution, sale or otherwise (Trejo). Illegal drugs break into brackets. A meter varies they can rely on the quantity, the kind of drug, the circumstances, and the jurisdiction. Those convicted on drug possession charges face a wide gamut of penalties at the sentencing, varying from state to state. Penalties for elementary possession range from a fine of less than $100 and/or a few days in jail to thousands of dollars and several long time in state prison for the same offense. Straightforward drug possession sentences tend be prone to have less harsh penalties, mend if caught distributing drugs or the cultivation/manufacturing of drugs carry much heavier penalties. Prosec... ...nce and send them to rehab or the purpose of harsh punishment which is to send them to prison. Although I believe drug addicts should go to rehab rather of prison there are individuals who take advantage of rehab treatment, and would kinda sit in jail. Consequently drug related criminals whether possession or trafficking take up a third of United States Correctional facilities, and it would propose sense to allow those who want to get better to go to rehab instead of taking up space in the prisons. Various types of programs offer divine service in drug rehabilitation, including residential treatment in-patient, out-patient, local support groups, encompassing care centers, recovery or sober houses, addiction counselling, mental health, orthomolecular medicinal drug and medical care. Some rehab centers offer age- and gender-specific programs. These programs cannot be offered in prison.

Impact of Dean on Sals Identity in Jack Kerouac’s On The Road Essay

The Impact of Dean on Sals identicalnessinOn the Road On The Road begins with the protagonist, Sal, (representative of author poop Kerouac), being overwhelmed by feelings of confusion and uncertainty regarding his personalized identity. He wherefore meets Dean Moriarty, an eccentric character who rejects societal values and norms. Sal is absorbed with and catch by Dean, perceiving him as almost superhuman, and decides to follow him across the country. A passive character, Sal soon becomes dependent on Dean, mimicking his friend rather than discovering his personal identity. It is likely that such behaviour was greatly influenced by events that occurred in damn Kerouacs childhood . Eventually, Sal realises that if he is to be independent, he must no longer blindly follow others, but discover himself. Sal is presented at eldest as a passive character, someone who has shaped his identity by depending on others to influence him. His morals and val... ...n what he has discovered a bout himself. Sal cut back out to experience the world. What he ended up finding, was himself (Honan 1987ix). Bibliography Charters, Ann. 1973. Kerouac A Biography, Warner communications Company, New York. Honan, Simon, 1987. The Beat Generation, Allen and Unwin Publishing, New York. Kerouac, Jack. 1976. On the Road. Penguin, New York. Tytell, John. 1976. Naked Angels the Lives and books of the Beat Generation. McGraw-Hill, New York.

Drugs in United States Essay -- Drug Trafficking Drugs Essays

Drugs in United StatesDrugs are a complex enigma with widespread policy-making, economic and social implications for producing, transit, and consumer nations. In the area of foreign policy, political and economic instability in drug producing areas around the world-and particularly in Latin America is an epidemic that cannot be ignored. The objective of this paper is to asses the agone issues, current status, and future prospects of the US war on drugs in Latin America - specifically Panama. It begins with a brief overview of the basic problems of drug purpose in America, and examines how the United States has handled the specific situation of General Noriega and the Panamanians. Finally, I volition examine an array of policy options presently available to the United States in its campaign against drug trafficking in Panama and other Latin American countries. During the late 1980s, the presence of narcotics trafficking in the world grew rapidly. Many claimed that the United States was set about a national security crisis as far as drugs were concerned. In 1988, as may as 75 percent of more criminals arrested in major American cities tested positive for drugs1. A Justice plane section study backs up this allegation finding that one-half to three-quarters of the men arrested for skillful crimes in 12 major cities tested positive for the recent employ of illegal drugs whereas a similar study done four geezerhood prior showed that only 56 percent of those arrested for serious crimes were abusing drugs prior to their arrest2. In addition, out of 1.2 million intravenous drug users in America, 250,000 of them are septic with AIDS. It was estimated that the cost of drugs to American society measured in terms of death, illness, crime, bewildered ... ...ngton, D.D. (30 September)11 Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th) Y12 Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th) Y13 ?Columbia and the War on Drugs.? unusual Affairs, 67, 1 (Fall) 70-92. (1988)14? Drugs, Law Enforcement, and Foreign Policy Panama? Hearings before the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics and International Communications of the citizens committee on Foreign Relations United States15 Sciolino, E. & Endelberg (1988) ?Narcotics Effort Failed by US Security Goals.? New York Times (April 10th) Y16 Moss, A. (1988) ?Drugs and Politics in Panama.? story prepared for the ?Drug Trafficking in the Americas? Conference. The Wilson Center, Smithsonian Institute, Washington, D.D. (30 September)

Exploring Morality in Measure for Measure Essay -- Measure for Measure

Exploring Morality in poster for Measure In Measure for Measure, Shakespe are is satisfactory to examine the concept of even up and wrong through the suits of Mistress overdo and Mariana. Throughout the play, by using characters that most spate would find virtuously reprehensible, Shakespeare is able to give the audience a different view of these people and, hopefully, show his audience that people arent always what they appear to be. Through the character of Mistress overdone, Shakespeare is able to bring a jovial side to the oldest profession known to man -- prostitution. Through the character of Mariana, Shakespeare allows the audience to take root if dickens wrongs do, in fact, make a right. While the concepts of right and wrong are given a twist in this play, Shakespeare, in the end, allows his audience to decide for themselves what is right and what is wrong. At the beginning of act one, scene two, Shakespeare uses the bawd, Mistress Overdone, to beat to the audie nce that Angelo is enforcing the fornication laws of Vienna. While this seems like the more clean-living, and more right, execute to take, Shakespeare puts a twist on what the audience would normally view as a clear cut case. In lines 79 - 81, Mistress Overdone explains to the audience the effects of these new policies. So, while it seems right to shut these businesses down, the audience now is shown that prostitution is this ladys livelihood and her way for making money. However, who is to decide if the moral benefits of eliminating the public display of prostitution is in the best interest of the metropolis? By posing this question, Shakespeare forces the audience to consider both sides of the issue to, in the end, make some decision. In England, during that time... ... While, of course, this play does not say that Shakespeare was in favor of prostitution, it does force his audience to see these people as individuals and not objects. Likewise, by introducing the description o f Mariana, Shakespeare challenges the idea of something always being right or wrong. Through the two characters, Shakespeare is able to have his audience challenge their ideas of right and wrong and force them into justifying these decisions. Sources Cited and ConsultedKnight, G. Wilson. Shakespeare and Morality. London Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1967. Leech, Clifford. The Meaning of Measure for Measure. Shakespeare Survey 3 (1950) 69-71. Shakespeare, William. Measure for Measure. The Arden Shakespeare. Ed. J.W. Lever. London Routledge, 1995. Thomas, Vivian. The Moral Universe of Shakespeares Problem Plays. London Croom Helm, 1987.